Teenage Alcoholism Essays - Alcohol Abuse, Drinking Culture

Teenage Alcoholism Let American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt! Teenage Alcoholism Teenagers today have no idea what alcoholism really is. They think that they can never become alcoholics. They think that it could never happen to them, but they are wrong. Stress, Family problems and the desire to be popular are wrong the cause of teenage alcoholism. Signs that a teenager has a drinking problem and steps that parents can take to help their child are what I will discuss in this paper. The critical ingredient common to all alcoholic beverages is ethyl alcohol or ethanol ( Lang 21). It is a clear, tasteless liquid formed through the fermentation of sugars by yeast spores ( Lang 21). The amount of alcohol produced depends on the type and amount of sugar in the original mixture, the type of yeast used, the temperature maintained during the fermentation process. American beers, which contain about 3% to 6% alcohol, are made from malted barley and hops (he ripened and dried cones of the hop plant). Most wines are made by fermenting grapes or berries, and normally reach a maximum of about 15% alcohol. Though they are sometimes fortifies with additional ethanol alcohol and thus may reach 20% alcohol in cherry or port wines. Teenage years are filled with unsure time. Intense pressure to perform and succeed are felt by many youths, according to Alliant Health Systems, Louisville, Ky. Perceived failure at home and or school can lead to the need for escape. Teenagers often see their parents react to stress by drinking. This providing and example for them. They also see their favorite movie actors or actresses getting drunk when they go to a movie so they think that it's OK for them to o it but what they don't know it really hurts them in the long run. With their parents, the might being having marital problems and that can usually drive a teenager to drink. The desire to be accepted and popular among their friends encourages many to begin drinking as well. The ability to consume a lot of alcohol is associated with being a "real man or woman" ( Lang 23). When teens see adults drink heavily and movie stars on screen getting drunk, the message that gets through is that "it's cool to drink" which is the wrong one to be sending. Almost one half (47.9 %) of seniors drink alcohol at least once a month 19.8 % drink at least once a week. Nearly one third (30.7%) of ninth graders drink some kind of alcohol monthly or more often 12% drink at least once a week. Thirteen (13.2%) of seventh graders and 6.6% of sixth graders drink alcohol regularly. Regular use of alcohol has no changed significantly since the first survey in 1989. (Casey 1). Crime is inextricably related to alcohol and other drugs (AOD). More than 1.1 million annual arrests for illicit drug violations, almost 1.4 million arrests for driving while intoxicated, 480,000 arrests for liquor law violations and 704,000 arrests for drunkenness come to a total of 4.3 million arrests for alcohol and other drug statutory crimes. That total accounts for over one-third of all arrests in this country. ( Lang 33) The impaired judgment and violence induced by alcohol contribute to alcohol-related crime. Rapes, fights, and assaults leading to injury, manslaughter, and homicide often are linked with alcohol because the perpetrator, the victim, or both were drinking. The economic cost of AOD-related crime is $61.8 billion annually. Many perpetrators of violent crime were also using illicit drugs. Some of these drugs, such as PCP and steroids, may induce violence. These drugs can also be a catalyst for aggressive-prone individuals who exhibit violent behavior as a result of taking them. The need for preventing alcohol and other drug problems is clear when the following statistics are examined: Alcohol is a key factor in up to 68 percent of manslaughters, 62 percent of assaults, 54 percent of murders/attempted murders, 48 percent of robberies, and 44 percent of burglaries. Among jail inmates, 42.2 percent of those convicted of rape reported being under the influence of alcohol or alcohol and other drugs at the time of the offense.[5] Over 60 percent of men and 50 percent of women arrested for property crimes (burglary, larceny, and robbery) in 1990, who were voluntarily tested, tested positive for illicit drug use. In 1987, 64 percent of all reported child abuse and neglect cases in New York City were associated with parental AOD abuse. (Lang 55) In 1992, there were 6,839 deaths due to alcohol. There were 1,154 deaths from direct alcohol

Geography Report- Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Essays

Geography Report- Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Essays Geography report- Car Tarriff Cuts In South Australia Most teenagers these days think sport shoes like "Nike" Or "Reebok" are too expensive. Parents also think cars cost too much. The Federal Government is about to consider slashing a special charge known as a tariff. The tariff puts a percentage on products like shoes and cars that come from overseas. Most people will agree with the government to slash this special charge because cars and stuff from overseas will be cheaper but actually this issue is stirring up a serious debate. This essay will explain the decisions that have been taken recently concerning the future of car tariffs in Australia and the effects on these decisions have upon existing patterns of employment and population within Australia. Car industry workers have been against tariff cuts, to save their factories and thousands of their jobs. A major report recommended the cuts go ahead, to make cars in Australia cheaper. The Prime Minister, John Howard had to steer a course through all the arguments to make his decision, one not everyone was happy with. According to the Australian Newspaper on June 5th, The Howard Government has decided to cut car tariffs from 15% in 2000 to 10% by 2005 after a struggle between its top economic ministers over calls for an effective tariff freeze. The outcome, which has yet to go to Cabinet, represents a victory for the Treasurer (Peter Costello) and a defeat for Mr Moore. Car tariffs are scheduled to drop from 221% to 15% in three steps of 2.5% by the year, 2000. The meetings yesterday rejected a proposal put forward by Mr Moore on June 2nd that recommended that the period for reaching the 15% target should be extended five years from 2000 to 2005. To summarise, The Cabinet has decided to accept the basic elements of a fall back option also raised by the Industry Minister on June 2nd. This proposed that the current arrangements for cutting tariffs to 15% in 2000 should be maintained, with additional reductions of 1% each year then applying through to 2005. Unions that represent thousands of Australian workers, and the Victorian and South Australian Governments, are fighting to keep tariffs on cars. They're worried that people will buy more imported cars if they become cheaper, and that companies making Australian ones might go out of business. The effect is that unemployment on local manufacturing of cars will continue to rise in Australia. Therefore the decrease in employment in manufacturing (cars) will tend to reduce the metropolitan concentration of employment and population. To conclude, the tariff percentage will officially fall as the years progress meaning local car manufacturers will soon be out of business because of the increasing competition from newly industrialising countries such as Taiwan, Korea, Malaysia and Indonesia. This will lead to the reduction of the metropolitan concentration of employment and population in Australia. Grade Received on Report : B

Writing activities Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Writing activities - Article Example Another important aspect which has been under consideration is that the quality of social media friendships differs from that of offline friendships. Off-line friendships and social media friendships both have their own charm and each type has its own uniqueness and special characteristics. Offline friendships have known to exist since forever. When a young child starts his education from the level of kindergarten, the first friend that he makes is through this type of friendship. This companionship is special and interaction begins mainly through face to face conversations. Offline friendships are cherished and people in this type of friendship share a bond which is mainly created by the physical presence of each other. These friendships are effective and emotions and expressions are far more easily expressed. This is because these friendships commence mainly through physical meetings and the two friends have actually seen each other. Friends at school, in the neighbourhood and in family are known better and tend to be generally closer. The special thing about off-line friendships is the warmth and care that friends can provide to each other through physical presence in difficult situations in one’s life. On the other hand, social media friendships which have gained substantial fame nowadays have their own appeal. These friendships have become popular amongst all age groups and provide a means for people to communicate even when they are far away. With the current busy lives of all individuals, people have lesser time of meeting their friends. Computers and the internet have come to the rescue and have provided with this form of friendship. The distinctive characteristic of social media friendships is that people tend to be connected to each other and physical presence is not a necessity. A person can interact with people and make friends even

Fraud and Cyber Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fraud and Cyber Terrorism - Research Paper Example When implemented proactively to identify unknown fraud, it depicts laser-like precision that allows for much more efficient investigation. (Sanjay Goel. 2010). Cyber terrorism is the act of illegally accessing computers and information chiefly via the internet to create physical harm or severe disturbance of infrastructure. Cyberterrorism could scholarly be defined as â€Å"The premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.† Agencies that deal with fraud such as Interpol and the FBI are doing a great job in fighting against cyber terrorism. Interpol on its part is assisting all the member countries and training their personnel to equip themselves with the current trends and forms of fighting cyber terrorism. The Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime, which is the first international treaty for fighting against computer crime, is the product of 4 years work by experts from the 45 member and non-member states that include Japan, USA, and Canada. The treaty has already imposed after its endorsement by Lithuania on 21st of March 2004. (Achkoski, J., & Dojchinovski, M. 2011) With the ever-changing trends in the cyber technology sector, there are no foolproof methods to protect a system. To say that you have a completely secure system, then it means that it can never be accessed by anyone. Even in most military set up, top secret information is kept on servers with no outside connection as a form of deterrence of cyber terrorism. Another common way that cyber terrorism can be avoided apart from such isolation is encryption.  

Identify the Most Appropriate form of Market Research in a Given Essay

Identify the Most Appropriate form of Market Research in a Given Situation and Implement that Research - Essay Example One of the main reasons that were understood in this connection is the happening of economic recession for which many social activities of the people countered a sharp decline. Further it was found that owing to the rise of the economic recession the main consumer segment that was increasingly affected constitutes the premium segment of consumers. Brand Heineken in this context reflects as have fallen in a trap in not being able to reduce the price of its products to help reach to a mass consumer base in the recessionary market. It is because a reduction in the price of the products may hamper or tarnish its brand image of being a premium product. On the other hand the inability to gain a larger market signified less of marketing and sales revenues which also restricted the brand’s ability to make any significant marketing and promotional investments leading to the problem getting intensified (Cannes Creative Lions, 2011). Having hinted on the problem the market research domai n can now consider on deciding on the attributes of the target group of people over whom research would be conducted based on questionnaires and again the budget for conducting the market research activity would be decided upon (Hague and Morgan, 2004, p.21). Market Research Market Research Objective In regards to the above context the company desired to conduct a market research activity which would help in satisfying the subject of the queries created focusing on the stated problem. The main objectives of market research were found to be threefold. Firstly the market research was conducted by the company to help sustain the brand image and market position of the brand in the premium beer market of Italy. Secondly the market research also focused to help sustain the same price for its premium products in the recessionary market. Finally the market research activities were also conducted to help the brand gain a large amount of consumer loyalty than before in the premium beer segmen t of Italy. Henceforth the market research objectives for enhancement of brand loyalty of the beer brand is found to be subjected to a specific market territory and to a specific consumer group to analyse the change in sales volume and market share (Cooklin et al., 2006, p.48). Market Research Process For the above condition the market research activity that was designed operated based on a threefold step. In the first step the market research team focused on segmenting the entire market into relevant consumer groups consisting of the target consumers. Such division was conducted based on demographic profiles of the consumers such that firstly the consumers in the age group of 18-24 were chosen. However the group for its failure to project the premium set of consumers the target group was based on the consumer segment of age group of 20-30 years who would drink the premium beer. The second focus of the market research activity targeted at helping the old consumers gain their bygone youthful

Fire Safety Principles Analysis

Fire Safety Principles Analysis The aim of this report is to survey existing means of fire escape in a number of local houses of multiple occupations with a view to give recommendations for the preparations of a guide for fire escape in houses of multiple occupations. For that purpose, a comprehensive literature review of fire safety principles as well as fire escape issues is required. A set of survey criteria has to be drawn from the literature review to be able to evaluate the existing houses. If necessary, officers from the East Sussex Fire Services will be interviewed to prepare the criteria for evaluation. The survey will be made once the criteria are developed. Each house will be visited and observed in regard to the criteria developed. An analysis of the observations will be made and conclusions drawn. Finally, recommendations will be made for the preparation of the guide. The recommendations will be based on the survey and the conclusions of the analysis. The actual preparation of the guide is beyond the scope of this project. 3.1 Fire and Combustion 3.1.1 Theory of Fire Fire can be described as â€Å"a process of combustion characterised by the emission of heat accompanied by smoke and flame† (Malhotra, 2001). Combustion is a series of very rapid chemical reactions between a fuel and oxygen (usually from the air), releasing heat and light. (Stollard, 1991). For combustion to occur heat and a fuel source must all be present and the removal of one of these will terminate the reaction. Flames are the visible manifestation of this reaction between a gaseous fuel and oxygen. If the fuel is a solid or liquid, there is first a gasification process as it is heated. So, heating a solid does not necessarily lead to combustion. Combustion will only occur when the gas is ignited. The temperature to which a fuel has to be heated for the gases given off to flash when an ignition source is applied is known as the fuel’s flash point. Once the ignition has begun and the vapours are ignited, these flames will in turn further heat and increase the rate o f production of flammable vapours. For the flames to exist at the surface of the fuel, the combustion process must be self-sustaining and capable of supplying the necessary energy to maintain the flow of flammable vapours from the fuel. 3.1.2 Fire Development Once a fire is started, there are 3 ways the heat is transferred: Conduction – Conduction is the mode of heat transfer where the heat flows from one point (at higher temperature) to another (at lower temperature) by direct material contact. There is no flow of the material itself. This is the predominant more of heat transfer in solids. Convection – In the convection mode of heat transfer, the particles of the material flow, carrying the heat with them. This is the predominant mode of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Radiation – Radiation is a mode where there is no need of a material at all. The heat gets transferred from a hot surface by radiating in all directions. The way a fire develops in the open is much different from the way it evolves in a closed space such as a room in a building. The existence of walls and a ceiling changes the way the heat transfer modes affect the growth of the fire. The development of a fire in a room has several stages. Figure 1: Standard fire growth curve The growth period starts at ignition and lasts until all the contents of the room are alight. Initially, the flame remains near the surface of the fuel, with excess oxygen supply from the air of the room. The flame provides more heat and the rate of growth, controlled by the amount of surface of fuel available, increases. At one point, the flames reach the ceiling and spreads. The surface area being heated is suddenly increased considerably. Also, the ceiling then radiates the heat back towards the other contents of the room. The remaining of the room catches fire very quickly because of this sudden rise in temperature and the stage is called flash over. Flash over is short-lived and marks the start of the stable stage, where all the contents are burning. In this stage, the rate of burning depends on the amount of fuel left and the flow of air to the room. Eventually, all contents will burn out and there will be no more fuel to feed the fire. The fire will slow down and that is called the decay stage. 3.2 Principles of Fire Safety 3.2.1 Fire Hazard and Risk to Life Statistics and surveys (Marchant, 1973) on fire have shown that most fires occur between 10 am and 11pm. This is the time when people are awake and active. Also, the greatest number of fires occurs in dwellings. There is a lot more fire in winter months than in summer months, clearly showing a link between fire and energy use. More than one third of all fires can be attributed to human error. Rubbish burning, children with matches and electrical appliances are the biggest culprit among the causes of fire. Due to the hazardous nature of fire: involving flames, heat, smoke and toxic gases, 1000 people lose their lives in fire each year. Unsurprisingly, (Malhotra, 2001) 85% of those deaths are in occupied buildings. The heat generated in a fire is hazardous to the building structure and can lead to the collapse of the building. This presents a serious threat to the safety of fire fighters. But the main cause of death is neither the heat nor the flames. The burnt bodies found give the impression that the occupants were burnt to death. However, studies have shown that heat and flames account for only a small minority of deaths. Most of the deaths are related to smoke and toxic gases. More than half the deaths in fires are attributed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Smoke also significantly decrease visibility and people often cannot reach safety only because of lack of visibility. 3.2.2 Approach to Fire Safety The prime objective of fire safety is â€Å"to reduce to within acceptable limits the potential for injury or death to the occupants of the building and for others who may become involved† (Stollard, 1991). In order to achieve these objectives, there are 5 fire safety tactics that can be employed. Prevention Communications Escape Containment Extinguishment They can be used together for best efficiency. The traditional approach to fire safety in buildings has been to prescribe certain acceptable levels related to some components of fire safety. These components are (Stollard, 1991): Travel distances and routes Load bearing elements of the structure Roof construction Separating walls Compartment walls and compartment floors Protected shafts Concealed spaces and fire stopping Internal surfaces Stairways. There is a newer approach that consists of looking at the building as a complex system. Fire engineering goes beyond merely satisfying prescriptive criteria of the building regulations. The building is a complex system where fire safety interacts with all other systems and services. 3.3 Prevention As explained in section 3.1, fire can only occur if all of the three requirements are present. These requirements are fuel source, oxygen and ignition. The absence of any one is sufficient to avoid a fire. However, it is impossible to exclude oxygen from a building as it is present in the air in more than sufficient proportions. Fire prevention is therefore all about avoiding the occurrence of the fire in the first instance by controlling fuel sources and ignition. 3.3.1 Fuel Limitation Fire can be prevented or the risk of fire can be reduced by limiting the amount of fuel available. Reducing the quantity of potential fuel has two main advantages. Firstly, there is less fuel to burn (fire load) and therefore fires will grow at a slower rate and temperatures will be lower. Secondly, less fuel also means less smoke (smoke load) Fuel limitation can be achieved by controlling the building fabric. B building fabric is meant the structural components and finishes of the building. It is very important that the structural components of a building are not potential fuel sources in case of fire. The structural integrity and stability of the building depends on it. Also, structural elements are essential for containing a fire. Interior finishes on walls and ceiling are also crucial to fire prevention. The outer surface of the finishes is as important as the substrate behind it. The King’s Cross fire in 1987 demonstrated that adding successive coats of paint on older ones can present a danger. Fuel limitation can also be achieved by controlling the contents of the building. The type and amount of textile and furniture play a determinant role in fire behaviour. However, the contents of a building are likely to change over time. 3.3.2 Ignition Prevention To prevent ignition, the four main classes of ignition have to be understood. Natural Phenomena – The most common source of natural ignition is lightning. Lightning can be very destructive. In 1984, lightning struck the York Minster and the resulting fire was very destructive. Another source of fire is earthquake. Because of the very low probability, such occurrences can be neglected for the common dwellings. Human Error – Human carelessness is the main cause of fire in dwellings. Cooking appliances and smoking material account for almost all fire-related accidents and deaths in dwellings. Some of the accidents can be avoided by simple house keeping and general vigilance. Kids playing with matches have also contributed significantly to the number of fires in houses. Technological Failure – Electrical and cooking appliances are a major source of ignition, especially in non-residential buildings. Buildings services are not perfect and are likely to fail at point or another. In small domestic dwellings, the improper installation of services can lead failure leading to fire. Instead of counting this as a technological failure, this should be classed as human error. Deliberate Fire – Arson can be for many reasons: insurance claim, concealing a crime, vandalism, terrorism, or to deliberately hurt somebody. 3.4 Communications Once a fire is started, the response time has a great impact of the effectiveness of that response. As seen in Figure 1, fire growth is exponential. So, the sooner action is taken, the better. The response to a fire depends to a large extent to communications at that time. The location of the fire and the deployment of evacuation and fire fighting all depend on effective communication. There are four facets of communications that are important to fire safety. 3.4.1 Detection How fast a fire is detected has a crucial impact on the response and the effectiveness of that response. As fire grows exponentially, an early detection gives a better chance to fight the fire and limit damage. The best method of detection remains the occupants of the building. Humans can detect and locate a fire by sight, sound and smell. There is no better detection system than human presence. Places where there is more movement are less liable to have an undetected fire because of constant human presence. It is very important therefore that fire escape routes are not kept exclusively for that purpose. That would lead to a fire in that zone being undetected. Also, an unused portion of a building can very quickly become ‘temporary’ storage spaces which always contain boxes and crates full of rubbish. Other detection mechanisms include smoke detector that is fitted to most houses in UK. There are also heat detectors, flame (light) detectors and thermal turbulence detectors. 3.4.2 Analysis Once a fire is detected, it has to be interpreted and analysed before coming to a conclusion. Here again, nothing beats the human brain. Detection and analysis sort of overlap each other when it is by the occupants. Otherwise, conventional systems consist of relaying the detection information to a panel where the data will be analysed and an alarm raised if need be. With use of micro processors, analysis has become better and addressable systems have become common. 3.4.3 Alarm If the conclusion of the analysis is that there is a fire, an alarm has to be set off. This alarm can be in the form of a simple bell that marks the need to evacuate the building. This is the most common system used. Other systems are connected to the fire services and the latter are then notified of a fire automatically. 3.4.4 Signs Signs are very important to occupants as well as fire fighters when they give clear and concise information. However, in a dwelling type building where the occupants are familiar with the exit routes and the surroundings, they are unnecessary. 3.5 Escape Perhaps the most important part of fire safety, escape from a building once a fire breaks is the only measure that ensures the safety of the occupants. The occupants must be able to safety reach a place of safety without being hindered by smoke, fire or heat. It is therefore essential that they manage to escape before the fire spreads. There are three main means of escape: Egress – Egress simply means getting out of the building as soon as the alarm is heard. Refuge – Sometimes in large buildings, the time to get out is too much or the way out is too complicated. Then, a fire-safe compartment is used to provide a safe place within the building. Evacuation can take place at a slower rate from that compartment. Rescue – Rescue should be kept as a last resort but is still important, especially for old and disabled person. In an apartment with only one entrance, a fire at or near the entrance can prevent escape even if the rest of the apartment is not on fire. Rescue via ladders from outside is then crucial. The effectiveness of escape depends on several factors. Occupancy – the occupants and their behaviour is very important to how successful an escape can be. Buildings such as houses where people sleep are naturally more risky than industrial buildings and offices where people are only present during the day. The amount and density of occupation as well as the mobility of the occupants are also important factors to consider. One of the most important factors is familiarity to the place. A house owner is more likely to escape than a guest because he is more familiar with the place. Travel Distances – The total distance to be travelled to finally reach a safe place depends on a lot of factors. The layout of the room itself may change the distance to be travelled. The number of storeys and the building layout generally controls the travel distance. Escape Lighting – Escape during the night or when there is an electric fault are made possible by emergency escape lighting. This can make the difference between success and failure of an escape. The precious minutes during which the occupants find their way are crucial because fire can spread very fast. Rescue – As said previously, rescue should be relied on as a last resort. However, is rescue is to be used; it must be possible for the rescuers to get access to the building from outside. 3.6 Containment Containment is the ability of a building to contain a fire even in the event of every other tactic failing. It should be a built-in capability of the building. A fire should be contained to its compartment of origin to prevent it from spreading to other parts of the building. Containment is also responsible to preventing spread of smoke. Containment must ultimately limit the fire spread to the building only to prevent fire spread to neighbouring buildings. The first step on containment is to design the structural elements to resist the fire. The amount of protection to be given to structural elements depends on the escape time required. Also, if fire fighters are to work inside the building, the structure must maintain its stability and integrity throughout the operations. The collapse of the World Trade Centre has shown how fire fighters can be at risk when entering a building on fire. If the structural elements are not capable of ensuring structural integrity on their own, it will be important to apply fire protection. Steel structures are usually protected with plaster boards, cement sprays of intumescent paints. Wooden structures need protection as well. Compartmentation in a building can be compared to that on a ship. It involves physically incorporating fire and smoke tight barriers between different zones of the building. This gains time and limits the fire to one particular zone. Compartments can be rooms or storeys. The number of compartments into which to divide a given space is a function of the occupation and contents of that space. The higher the fire load, the smaller the compartments should be. Also, there must be a separate escape route from each individual compartment. The exterior envelope of a building is used as the final barrier for the fire. It protects the building from external fires and fires to adjoining buildings. It also prevents the spreading of internal fires to spread to adjoining properties. Fire can spread by debris falling on the roof, flames spreading through openings and radiation through glazed areas. The fire containment methods described up to now are passive methods. They are built-in characteristics of the building design. Active measures are those that operate only in the event of a fire. Pressurisation allow escape route to be clear of smoke even when the fire doors are opened to get access to the escape route. Venting is used to provide the smoke an easier way out of the building than by spreading to the rest of the building. 3.7 Extinguishment Even after escape and containment are successful, a fire still needs to be extinguishment to limit the amount of property loss and to prevent spread to adjoining properties. It can be achieved by removing one of the three essential ingredients of fire: fuel, oxygen and ignition. When a fire is already started, it is self igniting and does not need additional ignition. Therefore, extinguishment can be achieved by cutting off the oxygen supply. Alternatively, the temperature can be brought down below that of self-ignition and thus killing the fire. There are several material used in fire extinguishment: Water – Water is the most commonly used material for fire fighting. It has the capacity of achieving both tactics of fire extinguishment discussed. It will drop the temperature down and will also cut off oxygen supply. However, the main problem with water is that it is a relatively good conductor of electricity. It cannot therefore be used on electrical appliances. Foam – Foam is particularly good at extinguishing fires from liquids. They act mainly by smothering the fuel from the oxygen. They can also be high-expansion types which will fill the area and are generally used by fire fighters. Carbon Dioxide – Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers provide both a cooling and smothering agent. Carbon dioxide is heavier than oxygen and will displace oxygen on and around the fuel. It is light and a large amount can be contained under high pressure in relatively light extinguishers. They can be used on electric fires but they are restricted to localised fire spots as concentrated carbon dioxide can be lethal. Dry Powder – Dry powder act by quenching the chemical reaction of the fire. There are a number of possible substances available, some more appropriate than others on a given type of fire. In section 3.5, fire escape has been introduced as one of the tactics of fire safety in buildings. In the context of the current research topic, the factors influencing escape in a fire are brought under the magnifying glass. Other key topics related to escape during a fire are discussed. 4.1 Occupancy The nature and number of occupants as well as their likely behaviour pattern is a crucial factor in determining the speed and success of an escape from a fire. Five key characteristics of occupants that are most influential are: Sleeping risk Numbers Mobility Familiarity Response to fire alarm 4.1.1 Sleeping Risk Buildings where people sleep are more at risk of a fire than buildings with only day-time occupation. A building where people sleep is likely to be occupied for longer hours, combining day and night occupancy. Also, a fire start while people are sleeping is likely to be detected at a much advanced stage. Once detected, the response of people who are asleep is bound to be much slower than in day time. To understand the extent of the risk, consider the same people in the same building but in day time. A cigarette butt or red ashes fall on the bed sheet and the latter immediately gets a hole in it, which slowly grows wider and wider as the red edge of the hole eats at the bed sheet. In day time with people fully awake, such a minor incident will be dealt with promptly. The ashes will be rapidly removed and the growth stopped by water and even by hand. At night, the same incident may have a completely different turn out of events. The unchecked growth would soon lead to the bed sheet catching fire and setting fire to the mattress. The surrounding furniture, curtains and carpet will soon be alight and that room will have a fully developed fire that can potentially spread over the whole buildings very fast if undetected. Consider another scenario. A house wife has been cooking for breakfast before going to bed. She switches off the electric hob, turns off the lights of the kitchen, and goes upstairs to sleep. A kitchen towel has been left in contact with the hob by mistake. It does not catch fire immediately because there is no naked flame. It heats up, and eventually catches fire after a few minutes even though the hob is off. This fire can grow, away from the eyes of the sleeping occupants, in the kitchen and spread to the rest of the house. Had it been during the day, somebody will eventually walk into the kitchen and detect the towel starting the smoke and will simply put it in the sink and open the tap. Such is the difference between normal day time and at night, where people are asleep. 4.1.2 Numbers The number of people in a building and their likely position within the building are important factors in designing an escape route. To a large extent, these factors depend on the purpose of the building. For houses of multiple occupations, the main purpose is obviously residential, but there can be more people at a given time than the actual number of residents. The maximum number of people that can be present can be estimated by the use of an ‘occupancy loaf factor’. The area of the building divided by the occupancy load factor gives and idea of the maximum number of people that can be present. A general guide is given in the form of Table 1. Table 1: Building type and occupancy levels (Stollard, 1991) Building Type Occupancy 1 Houses Five times bed spaces 2 Flats an maisonnettes Five times bed spaces 3 Residential institutions (hospitals, prisons etc.) Three times bed spaces 4 Hotels and boarding houses Two times bed spaces 5 Offices, commercial and schools Occupancy load factor = 6 6 Shops Occupancy load factor = 2 7 Assembly and recreation (a) bars Occupancy load factor = 0.5 (b) dance halls, queuing areas Occupancy load factor = 0.7 (c) meeting rooms, restaurants Occupancy load factor = 1 8 Industrial Occupancy load factor = 5 9 Storage Occupancy load factor = 15 10 Car-parks Two times parking places For example, consider a small family house with two bed rooms. One bed is double and another is single. Building type=House Occupancy rate=Five times bed spaces Number of bed spaces=2 + 1=3 Maximum number of people=5 x 3=15 This is only a guide but is quite useful. It may seem at first sight that with only 3 bed spaces, the occupancy should have been 3 instead of 15. However, the maximum number of people can occur during a party or while receiving guests. Another factor to consider is the likely hood of concentration of people in a particular area. A concentrated number of people behave differently from individuals. They move at a much slower rate and therefore travel distances to escape routes should be kept shorter. The escape routes should also be wider than would normally be required to allow evacuation of a larger number of people at the same time. 4.1.3 Mobility Different people move at different rates, depending on their age, fitness, state of mind, disability, any special requirements and several more factors. It has been found from experiments that a normal healthy person can move between 60 and 80 metres a minute. At the other extreme of the spectrum, very old and disabled persons may need assistance to move at all. A patient in intensive care in a hospital may have to be moved along with an array of bulky equipment to sustain his life. There are no hard rules about figures to use and a reasonable estimate has to be made from the information about the occupancy of the building. The design of the escape route also has a big incidence on mobility. The layout of the escape route may include obstructions such as furniture. Changes in direction and use of stairs etc would normally reduce mobility. A qualitative assessment is the best that can be done. 4.1.4 Familiarity If people are not familiar with a building, they will find more difficulty finding and reaching the escape route. In buildings such as normal houses, the occupants are likely to be residents and will normally be well familiar with the place. In an office with a regular staff, there is not likely to be problems related with familiarity. However, in buildings such as hotels, bed and breakfast etc, familiarity can be a problem. People will instinctively try to get out the same way they came in, and that may not b a protected fire escape route. 4.1.5 Response The response to a fire or the sounding of a fire alarm is a very important factor to consider. In an office with a regular staff, there will be more discipline and the staff will be trained by means of evacuation drills. In a flat or other residential house, the response is most likely to be decided on the spot in the real fire. The response will also depend on the state of mind and attitude of the occupants. People who are asleep or drunk will be slow to react and may not react in a strictly rational way. Very often, people do not immediately head for the evacuation route. Instead, they try to contact others in the building to confirm that there is fire and how serious it is. 4.2 Travel Distances The maximum travel distance in the escape process is crucial for a successful escape. To quantify a travel distance, the steps involved in the escape process have to be considered one at a time. 4.2.1 Stage 1 – Escape from room of origin Stage one of the escape process is getting out of the room of origin. The speed (and hence time) at which the room has to be evacuated depends of the rate of fire spread. However, the rate of fire spread is hard to quantify. It is therefore best to ensure early detection of the fire in the room. The room has to be evacuated as soon as possible. For small rooms with low occupancy, one exit is sufficient. For larger rooms or rooms with high number of people, two or more exits may have to be provided. In some instances, there may be a smaller room inside a larger one. The escape from both the smaller room and the larger one has to be considered as stage 1. It is also crucial to make sure that the occupants of the inner room are aware of any fire incident in the larger room. 4.2.2 Stage 2 – Escape from compartment Stage 2 involves the escape from the compartment where the fire started. This is usually via escape routes to the final exit, to a protected stairway or protected escape route, or an adjoining compartment that can be used as refuge. Compartments are usually designed for one hour protection and sub-compartments are designed for 30 minutes protection. This should give the occupants time to escape before being overwhelmed by the fire spread across compartments. The combined travel distances of stages 1 and 2 have to be maintained within a certain limit to allow the occupants to evacuate within that time. Table 2 below gives a list of types of buildings and suggested travel distances. This is based on the

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Letters play a very important role in 'Pride and Prejudice'. They can link the story because letters provide information which we would not have found out from the dialogue between the characters. We an also find out extra background information which can help with the reader's understanding of characters, the plot and the novel in general. Letters can reveal characters' personalities and how they feel about the other characters in the novel, for example Miss Bingley's feelings about Jane. Letters are used as a dramatic device in 'Pride and Prejudice' to further the plot, link the story and to inform the readers of the character's personalities. Letters are also an extremely important part of 'Pride and Prejudice' because at the time when the novel was written, letters were the only way of communicating other than through word of mouth. Letters can be used to deliver good and bad news at any time. They did not have telephones so a letter would be the most appropriate way of keeping touch with friends and family. Jane and Elizabeth are two of the main characters in the novel and they write to each other frequently during their visits away from each other. The sisters share some parts of their personalities. Both are caring, loving and considerate towards other people, but Jane is extremely loving and she does not want to judge any of the other characters in the novel before she has heard the entire story. This is because she does not want to think badly of anyone. We know this from Jane?s letter to Elizabeth regarding the actions of Miss Bingley and Miss Hurst ... ... the novel would make no sense. Austen uses letters to make the novel much more interesting as it is different from constant dialogue. She superbly shows that there are different ways to provide the reader with information other than through dialogue or through the narrator. Letters are important in ?Pride and Prejudice? because they can enhance the plot, change the plot, provide the reader with additional information and can also show character. All of the letters from above contribute to the readers understanding of the novel, to the plot and to add to the characterisation and without these letters the novel would seem incomplete. This just proves that letters play a major role in 'Pride and Prejudice'. Bibliography: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996

JIT assessment

KIT Technology Solutions Cost Analysis Daniel Sugars your school name here KIT Technology Solutions Cost Analysis There are a large variety of KIT Technology solutions In this nation because of the massive amounts of advanced technology that is introduced regularly. The online learning environment utilized a variety of these solutions to assist with communication, education, and demonstration in the internet classroom.The technologies of Microsoft office and audio/video capabilities can help ensure that the online student will be fully capable of completing every assignment ND project that they may find on their syllabus or that is asked for by their instructor. These programs are sometimes difficult to learn but relatively Inexpensive to purchase and use on their personal computer. Microsoft Office Programmable/ Video Technology's//www. Microprocessor. Mom/store/mass/en_US/PDP/Office-365- Personal/product. 297833200http//www. Mad. Com/en-us/innovations/software- technologies/enhance d-mediate. 99 and up 100 to over challengers include learning the various options and how to operate them powerlessness's include ending and adequate version that Is sufficient for all projects without being more than needed. Learning how to operate the video and audio program In a way that will produce proper projects to acquire an elevated grade.Benefits include ability to utilize excel, word and power point to complete class assignments and projects. Benefits include the ability to record class projects with audio as directed by the instructor. This program would also allow the individual to produce videos of birthdays, graduations and weddings. Microsoft office is a must for students because he Instructors assign many projects that Include the use of spread sheets, excel technology and power point presentations. This program Is Inexpensive and fairly easy to learn to use.There are videos to help the individual learn how to operate these programs to ensure they gain the benefits the program offers. Students may be capable of obtaining an adequate grade without this technology however, this technology would allow them to produce superior videos with audio for projects that allow videos In lieu of writing a long essay or term paper. The purchase and use of t least one of these programs would allow the students to more easily complete their assignments and projects In an efficient and effective manner.The purchase and proper use of both of these programs would make the individuals courses more manageable and help them to obtain the best high school or college online experience available. Online courses are difficult at best but with the proper tools they are easily mastered by the Individuals participating in them. This experience is like most others when you have the resources necessary to efficiently, effectively and successfully complete the tasks the mastery and successful completion Is more accessible and possible.

Weapons Training Essay Example

Weapons Training Essay Example Weapons Training Essay Weapons Training Essay The Poetry of Bruce Dawe Weapons Training The poem Weapons training composed by Bruce Dawe, explores the realities of war. The poem is situated in the period of the Viet-Nam war to prepare recruits for war. Dawe, uses a wide variety of techniques to further convey the harsh realities of war. The poem is a forceful text that is design to shock the audience and to bring out an emotional response. Bruce Dawe, writes poems on his own experiences in his life, living during many periods of conflicts. In each of his poems he writes about issues that concern him. Dawe had serves as a pilot for the RAAF for several years and he understands what the young soldiers would feel. For that reason he has composes several pieces of poems about war. One in particular is Weapons training. He believes that innocent young boys should not be conscripted to war, being used as waste-able fighter, nor kill other young boys. For unjust reason on greed, religion or differences. Throughout this poem, Dawe extensively uses imperative commands. There are many reasons as to why he does this. We know that the poem is linked to the Vietnam War and that the speaker is addressing the young recruits. This context is one of the army and we know that there it is governed by rules and regulations. Choice is something that is removed from the recruits and the drill sergeant makes them understand this. â€Å"And when I say eyes right I want to hear those eyeballs click†¦Ã¢â‚¬ At no time does he actually expect a response from them he simply wants them to obey and understand that they have entered into a new world that is very different from the one they have known. The imperatives are also used to degrade the recruits and provide a very clear warning of the dangers of war. An example of this is, What are you laughing at you in the back with the unsightly fat between your elephant ears. Again the intention here is to intimate him, making him feeling really small and powerless. Also Bruce Dawe uses another imperative command, when the sergeant intimidate the soldiers , Why are you looking at me, are you queer? This is used to take away individual thinking, where they are forced to think as a group that obediently follows rders. The sergeants job in the army is to change the men into killing machines that have no emotions of killing another human being, because war is a life and death situation and it kill or be killed. In weapon training, Dawe also uses the technique of sexual innuendo. He does this to appeal the recruits masculinity and virility. The examples used in the poem are, Crown jewels and Key in the ignition. hence, Dawe is attempting to excite and worry the recruits by drawing their attention to their potential loss of their sexual organs and thus their manliness. Males general society are their to reproduce the population, and with out their male organs they cannot, representing them as not a man. By sexually making the recruits worry and scared, they will take war more seriously. Through out the poem, Dawe also uses colloquial language and idiomatic Australian expressions. He does this so we can identify our audience and get a greater understanding of the message he is sending. To truly understand many of the terms we need to have a solid understanding of the language as many of the terms are no longer used on a regular basis. They are typically Australian expression that do not have a significant relevance today. The tone of the poem is spoking in a colloquial manner that at times turns to insults. The terms such as, tripes, youve copped the bloody lot and womens tit are all examples of colloquial language that are designed to set a certain atmosphere. The speaker is addressing Australian recruits and is preparing them to fight against Asian enemy. The idioms also further cement the idea that this is an Australian contingent of recruits. He uses a variety of insulting language towards the new recruits. The purpose of the abusive and insulting language is to get the recruits to build hatred and ager against the Yellow Charles. Through war, the drill sergeants wants the recruits to uses all their hatred and anger against the enemy. An example in the poem, you in the back with the unsightly fat between your elephant ears . This insulting verbal abuse transform the recruits in to ruthless cold killers, from the rage they have inside them to release on the enemy. The drill sergeant uses this type of language to also dehumanize them, by turning them from their original self to people who follow orders and kill. Bruce Dawe, uses repetition in the last line in the poem. your dead, dead, dead. The repetition of the word Dead is used to seriously restate the finality of war, that is is not just shooting a coupe of people than going home. But it is days and nights of horrible and gruesome scenes that they have to take part of because if they dont they will be killed themselves. ?Bruce Dawe composes poetically explores the harsh realities of war, with the use of soficicated lanuage techniues to convey his tought of war being wrong in human society. Weapon training in a poem that explores the realities of war. How does dawe demonstrate these realities? dehumanizes hard cold killers killing machines that have no emotions negative view / feel strongly express emotion reaction to the vietnam war Bruce Dawe, writes poems on his own experiences in his life, living during many periods of conflicts. In each of his poems he writes about issues that concern him. Dawe had serves as a pilot for the RAAF for several years and he understands what the young soldiers would feel. For that reason he has composes several pieces of poems about war. One in particular is Weapons training. He believes that innocent young boys should not be conscripted to war, being used as waste-able fighter, nor kill other young boys. For unjust reason on greed, religion or differences. Discuss how the main source of domestic power energy have change over time. The discovery of electricity was one of the most significant innovation for mankind, it has brought humans forward into the new age of Throughout history, humans have always wanted to accomplish many tasks. In doing so there was a need of energy sources, which changed overtime. In 2750 BC the first Egyptian pyramid was built King Zoser the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, with pure man power. Humans from the very start wanted to achieve great feat, but the only source of energy was mass man power. People like most living organisms, convert chemical energy of food into heat energy in our bodies, and change it into mechanical energy for movement to do work. In spite of the enormous man power produce in ancient time, it was still not sufficient enough for the future developments of technology like it is today. By having a demand for energy, humans harness and exploited many other sources of energy. In prehistoric times, as early as the late Homo sapiens era, they discovered how to create fire. Fire was one of the main discovery of mankind. Fire was created by combustion of wood, where the wood was a chemical energy converted into heat energy. By utilizing wood as a energy source to create fire, early humans could use is in many different was to benefits their lives. Some of the advantages on early human society was that, they could cook food, be able to survive in colder climates, and to fight off fierce animals. With the discovery of fire ancient humans also began to use animals as a source of energy that they capitalize from to help humans do work. Domestication of animals (which is a mechanical source of energy) dates back as early to the Mesolithic Period of dogs, goats and sheep. But is was not until the Neolithic Period that prehistoric ways of agriculture with the help of domesticated animals. Animal domestication was a major development of agriculture, with the use of animals to pull plows. With the domestication of animals, agriculture was not the only use of animals. Some animals would be capable of lifting heavy loads, transport, and turn mechanisms such as grindstones. Domestication of animals have lead to a overall improvement (during accident times to some cases of modern use) of living standard, so that not everybody had to be employed in producing food because it contributed in a surplus in production of food. So that people can participate in other occupation such as researching and discovery new means of technology to benefits their society. Domestication has also reated new way of transporting, for instance a horse pull a carriage or wagons to transport goods to the market. Through these jobs that are made easy by animals, it has built up a growing society where people lived in new towns that were developed and that people could have more leisure occasion in their lives. In recent century, people began to take care of their animals and started the rights for animal welfare, which meant that animals could not be used for over exhausting w ork in western society, which lead to another search for a source of energy. For the duration of mankind they has always been search for new and innovative sources of energy, one of which is the use of wind and water energy. Wind and water create a mechanical source of energy, (which was a renewable source of energy), both of these energy were harnessed by the mill. Water and wind mills were created to do work for humans. Most commonly the used to grind grains into flour. The use of the wind and water mill further enhances the production of food for the growing population, during the time, and also sawmills. This source of energy was also used as transport on ships, as early sailing vessels and water powered mill-ships. The exploit of wind for ships was one of the major reason why Britain became so powerful, because of their sailing ships, that they used in battle and transporting goods to sell their products to a wider range of markets. In modern times wind and water is used to power electric generators in hydro electric dams(kinetic energy) and wind turbines. Throughout the countless developments of different sources of energy, coal had to be the most important breakthrough for humanity. The initial use of coal as fuel source was in the Han dynasty in China. Coal is a stored chemical energy that is a type of fossil fuel. Coal has revolutionized the source of energy in our society. It was one of the main bases for the industrial revolution, powering the steam engine, and also used to make metals. From then on, coal has been the main sources of creating energy, because of the exhausted numbers of available wood, and that coal provided a more efficient and powerful source of energy. Coal was used in the production of other new metals such as steel and alloys of iron and carbon. The overly powerful source of energy, from which was coal lead to great manufacturing in factories, were people from rural areas could come and make a living from. From all the push for coal it promoted an issues of over-population of areas where there was mining or manufacturing. The overflow of people contributed to the spread of disease such as the missals and the plague. The flip-side to the uses of coal for energy was the pollution it generated, to the atmosphere and the environment around the areas using coal as fuel. Another type of fossil fuel that is used by humans is gas. gas was traditionally used a source of energy used to light up streets and to warm people in their houses. It has provided lighting during the night, which resulted in the people having more time of light to participate in other activities that they could not do with visibility. Gas was similar to coal in aspect that it help manufacturing but also a pollutant. Fossil fuel today is still the main source of domestic energy in the home. With the wide spread demand of energy, it was made possible harness fossil fuels to create steam powered electric generators, which produced electricity in power plants to supply to homes. With the near depletion of fossil fuels, humans have assed the uses of nuclear energy to power electric generators, which may be environmentally unsustainable. The the growing demand for electric energy have pushed humans to extraordinary lengths for energy. Britannica 2004: Coal mining: ancient use of outcropping coal

Photosynthesis Playbill Essays

Photosynthesis Playbill Essays Photosynthesis Playbill Essay Photosynthesis Playbill Essay The CREW Stage Manager Jo King Assistant Stage ManagerUriel Smart Creator/Writer NH Graphic Designer Kenny Dewitt Costume Designer Uta Mann Set and Props Crew Starr E. Sky Lighting DesignerWanda Rinn Sound Crew Dinah Might Dance Crew Jim Class Makeup Vic Toree DresserNeil B. Formi Acknowledgements The script, Life of Ps was made possible by my AP Biology teacher’s assignment. If not for her, I would never have sat down and composed a four page script about Photosynthesis. I would also like to thank my supporting family for listening to my complaints and frustrations throughout this process. My gratitude goes out to the AP Bio Facebook group as well, for answering all the questions I had about Photosynthesis. Thank you all very much. The CAST In order of appearance *Narrator *Thylakoid Lila *Calvin Cycle Cal Water H-Two-Oh *Electrons *Oxygen Oxi *Photons Tony *Photosystems II and I (respectively) *Chlorophylls A (P680 and P700) *Hydrogen Ion The Hydrogen Twins *Ferredoxin *Cytochrome Complex *Plastoquinone *Carbon Dioxide *NADP+ and NADPH *NADP+ Reductase *ATP Synthase *ATP and ADP + P *Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and RuBisCO *3-PGA *G3P *Glucose Biographies Main characters (Alphabetically) Calvin Cycle: Three phases occur here: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration Chlorophylls A (P680 and P700): reflects green light, and absorbs red and blue light to being the process of photosynthesis Electrons: transported through the Electron Transport Chain for the production of ATP and NADPH Glucose: ATP from the Light Reactions are used, with the addition of hydrogen ions to CO2 to make glucose. Narrator: Narrates the play Thylakoid: interconnected sacs and membranes within the chloroplast that contain enzymes involved in Light Reactions Water: is split to release electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen

Examining the alleged barriers to acceptance of credit cards Essay

Examining the alleged barriers to acceptance of credit cards - Essay Example However, in order to understand whether this is accurate, one must examine the characteristics of the cash-carry banking culture and also investigate how consumers determine risk in this area. It is somewhat of a bold statement to contribute the aforementioned factors as being legitimate barriers to credit card acceptance. Why is this? Schmith (2008) provides statistics of the explosive growth in credit card penetration across the world. In some countries, credit card usage has outpaced total national growth (i.e. GDP) and the trend in consumer credit card usage continues to escalate significantly (Schmith 2008). There is more evidence, rather, that disruptive innovations in the market place, such as mobile payment systems, are providing a new incentive for consumers to reject credit cards in favour of more modern technologies associated with payment and banking. A disruptive innovation is one defined as a product or service capable of supplanting or transforming an established marke t (Christensen and Raynor 2003). Hence, evolutions in payment systems, such as electronic banking or mobile banking, are transforming available options, making switching costs very low for consumers to select alternatives to credit cards. Do, then, risk perception and cultural characteristics of the cash-carry banking culture actually serve as barriers to credit card adoption? Research indicates that there are far too many explanatory factors for why consumers might reject acceptance of credit cards that are aligned with specific market beliefs and market needs. These factors include the appropriate design of advertising communications by a marketing business, competition...This is aligned properly with many consumer behavioural models that illustrate the processes of selection, organisation and interpretation that involves much psycho-social influence both inherent and stemming from the external environment. Thus, particular segments that do see risk associated with involvement in credit cards, either social, economic, or perhaps privacy related would have different motives from other markets that find trust and reliability in the rather mature credit card industry. The cash and carry consumer, one that values traditionalism in the financial services industry, might be adaptable to accepting credit cards if their evaluative criteria finds an appropriate match with the messages and other related stimuli provided by marketing entities. At least theory would seem to dictate this, but again without knowing exacting market characteristics, a well-justified hypothesis would be difficult to produce. However, there is ample evidence that credit card usage continues to explode and research did not uncover any legitimised data that cash and carry cultures and risk establish barriers to credit card adoption.

Strategies for Responsible Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategies for Responsible Business - Essay Example A number of strategic management theorists argue that, for an organization to be continuously successful the most important requirement for it is to develop an understanding of the strategic implications of CSR.  This report analyses this claim with the help of the principles of corporate social responsibility and strategic management. The phrase Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR was first used in the 1953 publication of Bowens Social Responsibility of Businessmen. In the 60’s and 70s, many scholars tried to provide a comprehensive definition of CSR. However, the term CSR has attained more popularity and acceptance in the corporate world only in 1984, when management consultant Peter Drucker stressed the importance of connecting social problems with economic opportunities. Since then, companies have started to accept CSR as a liability rather than a principle. The first company that actually publishes a social report was Ben and Jerrys in 1989, and the first major company was Shell in 1998 (Corporate watch, n. d.). Even though corporate social responsibility or CSR is accepted as one of the major topics in the corporate world, everywhere in the world, a standard definition or universal definition for this topic is still unavailable. In other words, CSR has been defined differently by different scholars and perceived differently in different countries or regions. According to Nexen (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility is â€Å"a commitment to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of our workforce and their families as well as the local community at large†. Ethics and morality are rapidly disappearing subjects from the corporate world at present. Even though organizations speak volumes about ethics and morality, they do less to adhere to the principles of ethics and morality. CSR reminds