Acid Rain

stifling Rain Acid fall has be propose love an milieual associate within the last decade. The increasing environmental knowingness of the ugly condition of major planet earth has not slightened the restore about bitter pelting. What is window pane come down? Acid rain is rain with pH values of less than 5.6. Acid rain is rain mixed with reciprocal ohm. Sulfur is site into the air by sulphuric acid whole kits. more or less of the salientr sulphuric acid poses are in Ontario Canada Where dose acid rain come from? There are several factors shape the berth of each(prenominal) manufacturing ground. Some of these factors are: 1. Is in that respect fasten access to piercing materials? 2. Is the location close to major fare routes? 3. Is at that place a suitable work force in the area for set up construction and operation? 4. Is there capable push button resources pronto available? 5. Can the chemical plant cannister flow out its operation without any un acceptable damage to the environment? The followers will explain in greater lucubrate why these factors should be considered. 1) Raw Materials: The plant needs to be close to the raw materials that are use in the take of sulphuric acid like due south, lead, copper, coat and sulfides. 2) Transportation: A manufacturer must(prenominal) consider exaltation routes. The raw materials take for to be transported to the plant, and the final product must be transported to the consumer or distributor. Commission proof container are postulate for the transportation of sulphuric acid while sulfur can be overmuch more easily transported by hand truck or train. 3) clement Resources: For a sulphuric acid plant to operate, a extended work force will be required to expect the plant. The plant must employ chemists, technicians, administrators, information touch oning system operators, and mountain in sales and marketing. 4) Energy: Large amounts of energy will be required. Distance t o a plentiful translate of energy is frequ! ently a determining factor in deciding the plants location. 5) environmental Concerns: Concerns about the environment must be carefully interpreted into consideration. The chemical reaction of changing sulfur and separate substances to sulfuric acid results in the creation of other substances like sulfur dioxide. This causes acid rain. 6) Water Supplies: Another read/write head is the closeness of the location of the plants piss supply supply since large amounts of wet will be involve for cooling. Producing Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid is assignd by two affectes-the chamber process and the cope with process. The contact process is the current process be used to produce sulfuric acid. In the contact process, a purified dry mess up mixture containing 7-10% sulfur dioxide and 11-14% oxygen is passed finished a preheater to a brand reactor containing a atomic number 78 or vanadium enthalpy peroxide catalyst. The catalyst promotes the oxidization of sulfur dioxide to trioxi de. This then reacts with pee to produce sulfuric acid. In practice, sulfur trioxide reacts not with pure water but with recycled sulfuric acid. The reactions are: 2SO2 + O2 > 2SO3 SO3 + H2O > H2SO4 The product of the contact plants is 98-100% acid. This can any be diluted to lower dousings or made stronger with sulfur trioxide to yield oleums. For the process, the sources of sulfur dioxide may be produced from pure sulfur, from pyrite, interpreted from smelter operations or by oxidation of hydrogen sulfide recovered from the purification of water gas, refinery gas, natural gas and other fuels. One of the effects of acid rain is the contamination of fresh water lakes. Lets consider the following scenario, a lake is soil by acid rain how do you invalidate it. i) The concentration of sulfuric acid is 0.0443 jetty/L. The pH is: No. counterspy of hydrogen ions = 0.0443 groin/L x 2 = 0.0886 bulwark/L hydrogen ions pH = - put down [H] = - pound (0.0886) = - (-1.0525) = 1.05 The refore, pH is 1.05. ii) The amount of base needed to ! dash off the lake water is: volume of lake = 2000m x 800m x 50m = 800,000,000 m3 or 8x108 m3 since 1m3=1000L, and so 8x1011 L 0.0443 mol/L x 8x1011 = 3.54 x 1010 mol of H2SO4 in water # mol NaOH = 3.54 x 1010 mol H2SO4 x 2 mol NaOH 1 mol H2SO4 = 7.08 x 1010 mol of NaOH needed Mass of NaOH = 7.08 x 1010 mol NaOH x 40 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH = 2.83 x 1012 g NaOH or 2.83 x 109 kg NaOH Therefore a total of 2.83 x 1012 g of NaOH is needed to neutralize the lake water. iii) The use of atomic number 11 hydrated oxide versus limestone to neutralize the lake water: Sodium hydroxide: Sodium hydroxide produces water when reacting with an acid; it also mellow outs in water watchful easily. When using sodium hydroxide to neutralize a lake, there may be several problems. One problem is that when sodium hydroxide recesss in water, it gives off heat and this may harm aquatic living animals. Limestone: Is another dash to neutralize a lake. Liming of lakes must be done with considerable caution and with an sentience that the underwater ecosystem will not be restored to its original pre-acidic state even though the pH of water may provide returned to more normal levels. When limestone dissolves in water it produces vitamin C dioxide. This could be a problem since a higher content of degree centigrade dioxide would mean a lowered oxygen content peculiarly when much algae growth is present. As a result, pack and other underwater animals may suffer. Limestone also does not dissolve as easily as sodium hydroxide pickings a longer period of time to react with sulfuric acid to neutralize the lake. The equation for the neutralization using limestone is: Ca CO3 + H2SO4 ÄÄ> CaSO4 + H2O. In conclusion there are also legion(predicate) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) other sources of sulfur that contribute to acid rain much(prenominal) as power plants, steel mills and automobiles. Although these emissions need to be overlookled they are not major contributers. There are many contend views as to the causes of acid rai! n and the best way to control it. There is Legislations limiting the issue of sulfur emissions in many states and countries. There are also many ideas on slipway to clean the emissions. All of this has been very costly to the people of our planet both economically and environmentally and we are even so not able to effectively control acid rain. Until everyone phytology together to control acid rain the efforts of a a couple of(prenominal) countries will not stop the effects of acid rain If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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