Amplitude modulation

bounty prosodyAmplitude inflexionAmplitude inflection (AM) is a proficiency utilise in electronic chat, around comm besides for transmitting in goation via a communicate postman shudder. AM lives by varying the authority of the transmitted planetary ho do in relation to the in lickation being displace. For example, changes in the head strength screwing be physical exertiond to reflect the sounds to be re get downd by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels. (Contrast this with relative oftenness intonation, alike commonly used for sound transmittings, in which the oftenness is change and var. prosody, often used in remote controls, in which the variety is varied)In the mid-1870s, a form of premium pitch contourinitially called undulatory on-goingswas the first manner to successfully produce quality auditory sensation all over hollo lines. first base with Reginald Fessendens sound demonstrations in 1906, it was also the ori ginal method used for speech sound radio telephone receiver transmission systems, and remains in use today by rough(prenominal) forms of communicationAM is often used to refer to the ordinary ruffle publicise rope (see AM radio). Forms of bountifulness inflectionAs in the first place developed for the galvanic teleph single, bounteousness transition was used to add auditory sensation information to the reasonless direct current f pooring from a telephone sender to a receiver. As a simplified explanation, at the transmitting end, a telephone microphone was used to vary the strength of the transmitted current, according to the frequency and loudness of the sounds received. Then, at the receiving end of the telephone line, the transmitted electrical current affected an electromagnet, which streng and soed and weakened in response to the strength of the current. In turn, the electromagnet produced vibrations in the receiver diaphragm, then virtuallyly reproducing th e frequency and loudness of the sounds originally heard at the transmitter.In contrast to the telephone, in radio communication what is play is a continuous flourish radio foretoken ( mailman wave) produced by a radio transmitter. In its basic form, bountifulness intonation produces a augur with cause concentrated at the holder frequency and in two adjacent sidebands. This answer is cognize as heterodyning. Each sideband is embody in bandwidth to that of the modulating manifestation and is a reverberate image of the other. Amplitude modulation that answers in two sidebands and a pallbearer is often called double sideband bountifulness modulation (DSB-AM). Amplitude modulation is inefficient in equipment casualty of power usage and much of it is wasted. At least two-thirds of the power is concentrated in the carrier designate, which carries no useful information (beyond the fact that a designate is present) the remaining power is split between two identical sideba nds, though only one of these is withdrawed since they represent identical information.To increase transmitter capability, the carrier s withall be removed (suppressed) from the AM house. This produces a reduced-carrier transmission or double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSBSC) signal. A suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation scheme is three generation much power-efficient than traditional DSB-AM. If the carrier is only partially suppressed, a double-sideband reduced-carrier (DSBRC) signal results. DSBSC and DSBRC signals lack their carrier to be regenerated (by a beat frequency oscillator, for instance) to be de play using conventional techniques.Even great efficiency is achievedat the expenditure of increased transmitter and receiver complexityby completely suppressing some(prenominal) the carrier and one of the sidebands. This is single-sideband modulation, widely used in amateur radio due to its efficient use of both power and bandwidth.A easy form of AM often used for digital communications is on-off keying, a type of amplitude- rift keying by which binary data is represented as the forepart or absence of a carrier wave. This is commonly used at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code, referred to as continuous wave (CW) operation.In 1982, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) designated the various types of amplitude modulation as followsDesignationDescriptionA3Edouble-sideband full-carrier the basic AM modulation schemeR3Esingle-sideband reduced-carrierH3Esingle-sideband full-carrierJ3Esingle-sideband suppressed-carrierB8Eindependent-sideband arcC3Fvestigial-sidebandLincompexlinked compressor and expander Example double-sideband AMA carrier wave is modeled as a simple wickedness wave, such asc(t) = Ccdot sin(omega_c t + phi_c),,where the radio frequency (in Hz) is given by omega_c / (2pi).,For generality, C,and phi_c,argon arbitrary continuouss that represent the carrier amplitude and initial phase. For simplicity, we set their respective pass judgments to 1 and 0.let m(t) represent an arbitrary wave form that is the message to be transmitted. And let the constant M represent its largest magnitude. For instancem(t) = Mcdot cos(omega_m t + phi).,Thus, the message might be just a simple strait sense of smell of frequency omega_m / (2pi).,It is in the main assumed that omega_m ll omega_c, and that min m(t) = -M.,Then amplitude modulation is take a crapd by forming the producty(t),= A + m(t)cdot c(t),,= A + Mcdot cos(omega_m t + phi)cdot sin(omega_c t).A,represents a nonher constant we may choose. The values A=1, and M=0.5, produce a y(t) depicted by the graph labelled 50% passage in 4.For this simple example, y(t) grass be trigonometrically manipulated into the following equivalent formy(t) = Acdot sin(omega_c t) + beginmatrixfracM2 endmatrix leftsin((omega_c + omega_m) t + phi) + sin((omega_c omega_m) t phi)right.,Therefore, the modulated signal has three components, a carrier wave and two s inusoidal waves (known as sidebands) whose frequencies are slightly preceding(prenominal) and downstairs omega_c.,Also nonice that the choice A=0 eliminates the carrier component, yet leaves the sidebands. That is the DSBSC transmission mode. To generate double-sideband full carrier (A3E), we must choose A ge M.,For much general forms of m(t), trigonometry is non sufficient. But if the authorise trace of 2 depicts the frequency spectrum, of m(t), then the bottom trace depicts the modulated carrier. It has two chemical groups of components one at positive frequencies (centered on + c) and one at negative frequencies (centered on c). Each group contains the two sidebands and a narrow down component in between that represents the energy at the carrier frequency. We shoot only be concerned with the positive frequencies. The negative ones are a mathematical artifact that contains no additional information. Therefore, we see that an AM signals spectrum consists basically of i ts original (2-sided) spectrum shifted up to the carrier frequency.For those interested in the mathematics of 2, it is a result of computing the Fourier transform of A + m(t)cdot sin(omega_c t),,using the following transform pairsbegin adapt m(t) quad stackrelmathcalFLongleftrightarrowquad M(omega) sin(omega_c t) quad stackrelmathcalFLongleftrightarrowquad i pi cdot delta(omega +omega_c)-delta(omega-omega_c) Acdot sin(omega_c t) quad stackrelmathcalFLongleftrightarrowquad i pi A cdot delta(omega +omega_c)-delta(omega-omega_c) m(t)cdot sin(omega_c t) quad stackrelmathcalFLongleftrightarrow frac12picdot M(omega) * i pi cdot delta(omega +omega_c)-delta(omega-omega_c) = fraci2cdot M(omega +omega_c) M(omega -omega_c) endalignIn terms of the positive frequencies, the transmission bandwidth of AM is twice the signals original (baseband) bandwidthsince both the positive and negative sidebands are shifted up to the carrier frequency. Thus, double-sideband AM (DSB-AM) is spectrally inef ficient, meaning that a few(prenominal)er radio stations crapper be accommodated in a given broadcast band. The various curtailment methods in Forms of AM peck be readily understood in terms of the plat in 2. With the carrier suppressed there would be no energy at the center of a group. And with a sideband suppressed, the group would build the same bandwidth as the positive frequencies of M(omega)., The transmitter power efficiency of DSB-AM is relatively poor (about 33%). The benefit of this administration is that receivers are cheaper to produce. The forms of AM with suppressed carriers are assemble to be 100% power efficient, since no power is wasted on the carrier signal which conveys no information. passage indexAs with other modulation indices, in AM, this quantity, also called modulation learning, indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its original take. For AM, it relates to the versions in the carrier amplitude and is defined ash = fracmathrm peak value of m(t)A = fracMA, where M,and A,were introduced above.So if h = 0.5, the carrier amplitude varies by 50% above and under its unmodulated level, and for h = 1.0 it varies by 100%. To avoid distortion in the A3E transmission mode, modulation depth greater than 100% must be avoided. Practical transmitter systems pass on usually incorporate some kind of limiter circuit, such as a VOGAD, to ensure this.Variations of modulated signal with percentage modulation are shown down the stairs. In distributively image, the maximum amplitude is mettlesomeer(prenominal) than in the old image. Note that the scale changes from one image to the next. Amplitude modulator designsThis section does not cite any references or sources. Please help amend this name by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject. Please help improve this article by a dding more general information. (October 2009) CircuitsA wide icon of different circuits have been used for AM, but one of the simplest circuits uses anode or gatherer modulation applied via a transformer. While it is perfectly possible to create good designs using solid-state electronics, valved (vacuum tube) circuits are shown here. In general, valves are able to more easily yield RF powers, in additional of what can be easily achieved using solid-state transistors. some high- potentiality broadcast stations quench use valves.Anode modulation using a transformer. The tetrode is supplied with an anode supply (and screen grid supply) which is modulated via the transformer. The impedance R1 sets the grid diagonal both the input and outputs are tuned LC circuits which are tapped into by inductive couplingModulation circuit designs can be broadly divided into low and high level. Low levelHere a small audio represent is used to modulate a low power show the output of this st age is then amplified using a elongate RF amplifier.AdvantagesThe advantage of using a linear RF amplifier is that the small early(a) stages can be modulated, which only requires a small audio amplifier to tantalize the modulator.DisadvantagesThe great disadvantage of this system is that the amplifier mountain chain is less efficient, because it has to be linear to preserve the modulation. Hence Class C amplifiers cannot be employed.An get which marries the advantages of low modulation with the efficiency of a Class C power amplifier chain is to ar cuckold a feedback system to compensate for the substantial distortion of the AM envelope. A simple detector at the transmitter output (which can be little more than a loosely coupled diode) recovers the audio signal, and this is used as negative feedback to the audio modulator stage. The overall chain then acts as a linear amplifier as far as the authentic modulation is concerned, though the RF amplifier itself still retains the Class C efficiency. This approach is widely used in practical medium power transmitters, such as AM radiotelephones. High levelWith high level modulation, the modulation takes place at the last-place amplifier stage where the carrier signal is at its maximumAdvantagesOne advantage of using class C amplifiers in a broadcast AM transmitter is that only the final stage needs to be modulated, and that all the earlier stages can be operate at a constant level. These class C stages entrust be able to generate the drive for the final stage for a smaller DC power input. However, in many designs in order to stimulate better quality AM the penultimate RF stages will need to be subject to modulation as well as the final stage.DisadvantagesA large audio amplifier will be needed for the modulation stage, at least equal to the power of the transmitter output itself. traditionally the modulation is applied using an audio transformer, and this can be bulky. fill coupling from the audio amplifi er is also possible (known as a cascode arrangement), though this usually requires quite a high DC supply voltage (say 30 V or more), which is not suitable for mobile units. adopt also* AM radio* Mediumwave band used for AM broadcast radio* Longwave band used for AM broadcast radio* frequency modulation* Shortwave radio al to the highest degree universally uses AM, narrow FM occurring above 25MHz.* Modulation, for a list of other modulation techniques* Amplitude modulation signalling system (AMSS), a digital system for adding low bitrate information to an AM signal.* Sideband, for some explanation of what this is.* Types of radio emissions, for the emission types designated by the ITU* Airband* Quadrature amplitude modulation References* Newkirk, David and Karlquist, grow (2004). Mixers, modulators and demodulators. In D. G. Reed (ed.), The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications (81st ed.), pp.15.1-15.36. Newington ARRL. ISBN 0-87259-196-4.Pulse-amplitude modulation From Wikipedia , the drop off encyclopediaPrinciple of PAM (1) original Signal, (2) PAM-Signal, (a) Amplitude of Signal, (b) Time OverviewPulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. Example A two bit modulator (PAM-4) will take two bits at a time and will symbolise the signal amplitude to one of four possible levels, for example 3 volts, 1 volt, 1 volt, and 3 volts. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at e truly symbol period. Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in baseband transmission of digital data, with non-baseband applications having been largely superseded by pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation.In particular, all telephone modems faster than 300 bit/s use quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). (QAM uses a two-dimensional constellation). Usage of Pulse-amplitude modulation in EthernetIt should be noted, however, that some versions of the widely popular Ethernet communication received are a good example of PAM usage. In particular, the Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T2 medium, ladder at 100Mb/s, utilizes 5 level PAM modulation (PAM-5) running at 25 megapulses/sec over two wire pairs. A special technique is used to reduce inter-symbol interference between the unshielded pairs. Later, the gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T medium embossed the bar to use 4 pairs of wire running each at 125 megapulses/sec to achieve 1000Mb/s data rates, still utilizing PAM-5 for each pair.The IEEE 802.3an standard defines the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T as a Tomlinson-Harashima Precoded (THP) version of pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128. Several proposals were considered for wire-level modulation, including PAM with 12 discrete levels (PAM-12), 10 levels (PAM-10), or 8 levels (PAM-8), both with and without To mlinson-Harashima Precoding (THP). amplitude modulationDEFINITION- Also see modulation.Amplitude modulation (AM) is a method of impressing data onto an alternating-current (AC) carrier waveform.The highest frequency of the modulating data is ordinarily less than 10 percent of the carrier frequency.The instantanous amplitude (overall signal power) varies depending on the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating data.In AM, the carrier itself does not fluctuate in amplitude.Instead, the modulating data appears in the form of signal components at frequencies slightly higher and lower than that of the carrier.These components are called sidebands. The lower sideband (LSB) appears at frequencies below the carrier frequency the upper sideband (USB) appears at frequencies above the carrier frequency.The LSB and USB are essentially mirror images of each other in a graph of signal amplitude versus frequency, as shown in the illustration.The sideband power accounts for the variations in the overall amplitude of the signal.When a carrier is amplitude-modulated with a pure sine wave, up to 1/3 (33 percent) of the overall signal power is contained in the sidebands.The other 2/3 of the signal power is contained in the carrier, which does not contribute to the transfer of data.With a complex modulating signal such as voice, video, or music, the sidebands generally contain 20 to 25 percent of the overall signal power thus the carrier consumes 75 to 80 percent of the power.This makes AM an inefficient mode.If an blast is made to increase the modulating data input amplitude beyond these limits, the signal will become distorted, and will occupy a much greater bandwidth than it should.This is called overmodulation, and can result in interference to signals on nearby frequencies. one-dimensional modulation methodsA low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are* Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude o f the carrier signal is varied in abidance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal)o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) Double-sideband modulation with unsuppressed carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC)o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), SSB with carrier (SSB-WC) SSB suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)o Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB, or VSB-AM)o Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)* Angle modulationo frequence modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous frequency of the modulating signal)o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous phase shift of the modulating signal)AMPLITUDE prosodyHow it works.We know that something as simple as a crystal diode (rectifier) can be used to mesmerize sound fr om the air and put it into a pair of earphones or an amplifier and speaker. How can this work? We will cover that here and now. All AM (Amplitude Modulation) detectors work basically the same course.What is AM?What we can hear as audio is classically considered to be the frequency range between 20 and 20,000 cycles per back (here after referred to as cycles and abandoning hertz) which I have never liked). In earth close to adults can only hear up to about 13,000 cycles. Most speakers cant reproduce anything lower than 30 cycles in spite of the exaggerate claims of proud owners. So lets be generous and call audio 30 to 15,000 cycles.Radio frequencies are between 8,000 cycles and 50,000 megacycles. Thats right there is a range of frequencies that depending on how they are treated can be audio or radio. The AM radio band begins at 540 kilocycles.For simplicity lets say that we necessity to transmit a 10,000 cycle tone on a radio transmitter operating on 250 kilocycles.The 250 kc transmitting frequency is called the carrier wave because it may be thought of as carrying the audio.The 10,000 cycle audio frequency is called the modulating frequency. We may get into side-bands later.In the above the upper wave is the modulating wave and three cycles of it can be seen. The lower wave is the modulated carrier wave and 75 cycles are visible. (You can count them for yourself or take my word for it.)Notice as the modulating wave goes up the do amplitude of the carrier wave (measured from negative peak to positive peak) goes up. As the modulating wave goes down the amplitude of the carrier wave goes down. When the modulating wave is at zero (the point where it begins and ends) the carrier wave is at its middle or unmodulated value. Think of the modulating wave as controlling a valve that the carrier wave is passing through. (I have direct conformation from England, thats why the British call tubes valves.)The carrier wave can then be sent to an antenna which radiates it out for all the world to hear.Detecting the signal espial is the word applied to the process of recovering the audio frequencies from the radio frequency carrier. In the case of amplitude modulation it is very simple. All we need to do is to rectify the signal. Rectification is the process used in power supplies to change AC to DC. Its really quite similar for detecting radio signals. Compare the carrier wave in the below with the one in the above.The wave has been run through a rectifier which removed the bottom one- fractional of every cycle. If we draw a line connecting the peaks we have the original modulating signal back again. Connecting the peaks is done by using a electrical capacity to devote up to the peak value and discharge through a resistor just fast enough to follow the modulating frequency but not so fast as to cause a large variation at the carrier frequency.The frequencies chosen for this drawing are fairly close together to make it possible to see the indivi dual cycles on your data processor screen. When dealing with the AM broadcast band the carrier frequencies range from 540 kc to 1600 kc. 10,000 cycles is the absolute upper limit for audio on AM and most transmitters only make it to about 8,000 cycles.Look back at the diagram of the crystal set. Use your back button to return here. If you are old(prenominal) with power supply circuits you will recognize it as a half wave rectifier with a capacitor to filter out ripple. The resistor makes the capacitor discharge just fast enough but not too fast.A much more rigorous discussion of AM, including side bands, is addressable by clicking here. This includes not only AM but SSB and FM.AMPLITUDE MODULATIONAmplitude modulation or AM as it is often called, is a form of modulation used for radio transmissions for broadcasting and two instruction radio communication applications. Although one of the earliest used forms of modulation it is still in widespread use today.The first amplitude mod ulated signal was transmitted in 1901 by a Canadian engineer named Reginald Fessenden. He took a continuous spark transmission and placed a carbon microphone in the antenna lead. The sound waves impacting on the microphone varied its resistance and in turn this varied the intensity of the transmission. Although very crude, signals were sounding over a distance of a few hundred metres, although there was a rasping sound caused by the spark.With the introduction of continuous sine wave signals, transmissions improved significantly, and AM soon became the standard for voice transmissions. Nowadays, amplitude modulation, AM is used for audio broadcasting on the long medium and short wave bands, and for two behavior radio communication at VHF for aircraft. However as there now are more efficient and convenient methods of modulating a signal, its use is declining, although it will still be very many historic period before it is no longer used.What is amplitude modulation?In order that a radio signal can carry audio or other information for broadcasting or for two way radio communication, it must be modulated or changed in some way. Although there are a number of ship canal in which a radio signal may be modulated, one of the easiest, and one of the first methods to be used was to change its amplitude in line with variations of the sound.The basic concept surrounding what is amplitude modulation, AM, is quite straightforward. The amplitude of the signal is changed in line with the instantaneous intensity of the sound. In this way the radio frequency signal has a representation of the sound wave superimposed in it. In view of the way the basic signal carries the sound or modulation, the radio frequency signal is often termed the carrier.What is amplitude modulation, AMAmplitude Modulation, AMWhen a carrier is modulated in any way, further signals are created that carry the actual modulation information. It is found that when a carrier is amplitude modulated, furth er signals are generated above and below the main carrier. To see how this happens, take the example of a carrier on a frequency of 1 MHz which is modulated by a steady tone of 1 kHz.The process of modulating a carrier is scarce the same as mixing two signals together, and as a result both sum and difference frequencies are produced. Therefore when a tone of 1 kHz is mixed with a carrier of 1 MHz, a sum frequency is produced at 1 MHz + 1 kHz, and a difference frequency is produced at 1 MHz 1 kHz, i.e. 1 kHz above and below the carrier.If the steady state tones are replaced with audio like that encountered with speech of music, these comprise many different frequencies and an audio spectrum with frequencies over a band of frequencies is seen. When modulated onto the carrier, these spectra are seen above and below the carrier.It can be seen that if the top frequency that is modulated onto the carrier is 6 kHz, then the top spectra will extend to 6 kHz above and below the signal. In other words the bandwidth occupied by the AM signal is twice the maximum frequency of the signal that is used to modulated the carrier, i.e. it is twice the bandwidth of the audio signal to be carried.Amplitude demodulationAmplitude modulation, AM, is one of the most straightforward ways of modulating a radio signal or carrier. The process of demodulation, where the audio signal is removed from the radio carrier in the receiver is also quite simple as well. The easiest method of achieving amplitude demodulation is to use a simple diode detector. This consists of just a handful of components- a diode, resistor and a capacitor.AM diode detectorAM crystal rectifier DetectorIn this circuit, the diode rectifies the signal, allowing only half of the alternating waveform through. The capacitor is used to store the charge and provide a change surface output from the detector, and also to remove any unwanted radio frequency components. The resistor is used to enable the capacitor to discha rge. If it were not there and no other load was present, then the charge on the capacitor would not leak away, and the circuit would reach a peak and remain there.Advantages of Amplitude Modulation, AMThere are several advantages of amplitude modulation, and some of these reasons have meant that it is still in widespread use today* It is simple to implement* it can be demodulated using a circuit consisting of very few components* AM receivers are very cheap as no work components are needed.Disadvantages of amplitude modulationAmplitude modulation is a very basic form of modulation, and although its simplicity is one of its major advantages, other more sophisticated systems provide a number of advantages. Accordingly it is worth looking at some of the disadvantages of amplitude modulation.* It is not efficient in terms of its power usage* It is not efficient in terms of its use of bandwidth, requiring a bandwidth equal to twice that of the highest audio frequency* It is prone to h igh levels of reverberate because most noise is amplitude based and obviously AM detectors are sensitive to it.SummaryAM has advantages of simplicity, but it is not the most efficient mode to use, both in terms of the amount of distance or spectrum it takes up, and the way in which it uses the power that is transmitted. This is the reason why it is not widely used these days both for broadcasting and for two way radio communication. Even the long, medium and short wave broadcasts will in conclusion change because of the fact that amplitude modulation, AM, is subject to much higher levels of noise than are other modes. For the moment, its simplicity, and its wide usage, mean that it will be intemperate to change quickly, and it will be in use for many years to come