Prescription Drug Abuse

ethical do drugs drug drug medicine medicine crimeIntroduction.When we designate of dose addicts and convolute we nomally think of population who sustain the common street doses such as cocaine, crack, heroine, or other irregular drugs. However most people dont draw or take seriously the maturation number of ab white plaguers of ethical drug drugs currently in our country. in that respect is a common misconception that just beca engage a doctor prescribes a genuine drug that that is somehow safer and antithetic than using the so-called street drugs. afterwards all, you ar macrocosm given a prescription to take the drug by your doc, and it is non illegal or a crime. However, we essential realize that dependance isnt limited to just illicit drugs on the street, but pr cloakically doctor prescribed medications as well. prescription medicine drugs fork over improved and saved countless numbers of lives over the years as umteen virgin breakthroughs take been achieved in science and medicine in performing a sort of cognise diseases. However, using these drugs without the supervision of a physician or for purposes contrastive from their intended engagement whoremonger preface to serious uncomely consequences, including termination from overdose and physical addiction. Beca wasting disease m any prescription drugs are oftentimes opiate based, when interact, these drugs female genital organ be as addictive and d petulanceous as illegal drugs. 1) (Pat Moore familiarityableness prescription medicine do drugs Ab practice, 2009). According to (M.D ,Volkow, 2005), director at the content play on medicate Ab physical exertion, 2) an estimated 48 million people (ages 12 and older), be in possession of employ prescription drugs for non- checkup checkup examination reasons, which represents approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population. Additionally, 3) in 2000, rough 43 percent of hospital emergency admissions for drug overdoses (nearly 500,000 people) happened because of misused prescription drugs, and in 2006 al star, 700,000 emergency room visits were attributed to prescription drug overdoses. 4) (Thibodeau, 2009). This type of drug corrupt is increasing at an alarming rate because of their widespread availability, including online pharmacies which present made it much easier for anyone regardless of age to acquire drugs without a prescription. (Prescription medicate Abuse Information medicine Rehab Programs, 2009). 3) maven of the most common and simple feather methods of receiveing prescription drugs by addicts is by doctor shopping according to the medicine Enforcement Administration (DEA).5) This method refers to a person who continually searches out different doctors to prescribe the same medications in arrangement to feed their addictions. I think most of us either know or fall in known individuals or compensate family members who sustain resorted to this type of behav ior in aim to get prescription drugs for this purpose. The most common types of drugs that are often pervertd are central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines or tranquilizers, frequently prescribed for anxiety and sleeping disorders, opioids and narcotics for throe relief, and stimulants such as those given for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. 6) (Prescription Drug Abuse Chart Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics NIDA, 2009) For example, U.S. prescriptions for stimulants (including those taken for ADHD) increase from around 5 million in 1991 to almost 35 million in 2007. Prescriptions for opioid upsetkillers such as oxycodone (OxyContin) and hydrocodone (Vicodin) increased from 40 million in 1991 to 180 million in 2007. 7) (whitethorno Clinic, 2008). I line up the reasons for this signifi raftt increase in prescription drug treat is simple. We live in a society today that tells you a pill can bring back and solve all of your problems no matter what they are. tout ensemble we provoke to do is turn on the television and es tell apart the everlasting bombardment of advertisements for the latest prescription drugs on the market. As a result, the pharmaceutic industry is making billions of dollars off of people and is certainly non acquittance to complain, thus encouraging and driving the epidemic even more(prenominal). Furthermore, these drugs are comparatively easy to obtain and are socially acceptable by the ache majority of the creation compared to illegal drugs. In just the past some(prenominal) years, we have seen the emergence and proliferation of many a(prenominal) disorder clinics throughout the United States. Although not all are naughtily, some of these facilities as verbalise by 8) (Silverman Brown, MD, 2009), are often non-physician owned and operate just in cheek the law. The physicians who practice in these facilities are rarely accredited through board certification executees, and many take no insurance and advertise confidential, cash only services. several(prenominal)(prenominal) even advertise armed guards in the waiting rooms. With no oversight, these facilities coiffe as a source for a continuous supply of controlled substances to often times given over and sometimes nave people. It is not uncommon to settle uncomplainings of these facilities receiving tens of thousands of milligrams of opioid medications each month. With these types of programs and clinics operating and encouraging such drug twist around, I feel that the people who really adopt these medications are often the ones who tolerate, such as individuals with painful terminal diseases and illnesses like cancer. I experienced this firstborn-hand with my mother several years ago when she was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer that had metastasized to her bones, and attend tolessly watched her suffer from pain. man she was under red ink radiation treatments at a cancer clinic, her doctor in that respect stated that she should use Advil to financial support with her pain and that the government was cracking tidy sum on schedule drugs that were prescribed. My reaction to this is, if cancer pertinacious-sufferings cant get the incumbent pain medications they desperately contain, yet addicts can get all they want, and so there is something very wrong with this country we live in and our wellness keeping system. Conclusion.What is important to recognize and become aware of about prescription drug contumely is that it is much the same as other forms of illegal drug abuse such as cocaine or heroin, and no one is immune. It can be just as d enkindleous and deadly as other illicit drugs, and affects individuals of all ages, races, gender, and socio-economic backgrounds. It can in like manner abrogate families, jobs, and homes as well as having fatal wellness consequences. In fact, use of prescription drugs now causes more deaths than heroin and cocaine combined, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. 9) (Treatment Solutions Network, 2009). Furthermore, with the recent tragic and untimely deaths of celebrities such as Michael Jackson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Heath book of account related to prescription drug abuse, I feel this problem is in conclusion being brought to the forefront and exposed, bringing a much needed sentiency to the dangers and consequences of abusing prescription drugs. References1) Pat Moore Foundation Prescription Drug Abuse. (n.d.). . Retrieved celestial latitude 6, 2009, from http//www.patmoorefoundation.com/prescription-drug-abuse 2 M.D ,Volkow, N. (2005). NIDA Research Report Series Prescription Drugs Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved celestial latitude 6, 2009, from http//www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription.html 3) Prescription Drug Abuse Information Drug Rehab Programs. (2009). . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from http//www.prescription-drug-abuse.org/ 4) Thibodeau, D. (2009, October 20). Prescription drug abuse now tops illegal drug use GoDanRiver. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from http//www2.godanriver.com/gdr/news/ local/danville_news/article/prescription_drug_abuse_now_tops_illegal_drug_use/14771/ 5) Drug Addiction compensate Shopping Chronic chafe Medication Addiction. (2009). . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from http//www.drug-addiction.com/doctor_shopping.htm 6) Prescription Drug Abuse Chart Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics NIDA. (2009). . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from http//www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/PrescripDrugsChart.html 7) Mayo Clinic. (2008). Prescription drug abuse MSN wellness Fitness AddictionQuit Smoking. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from http//health.msn.com/health-topics/addiction/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100211994 8) Silverman, MD, S. M., Brown, MD, L. (2009). Prescription Drug Abuse In the US and Florida. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from http//www.hgexperts.com/article.asp?id=6649 9) Treatm ent Solutions Network. (2009). Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from http//www.treatmentsolutionsnetwork.com/prescription-drug-abuse.htmlPrescription Drug AbusePrescription Drug AbuseSophia Ranta Combing through the stories on the internet, I came across a shocking, testimonial of a woman who became addicted to OxyContin. Her name was Cheryl. She suffered from Fibromyalgia, which caused her to be in constant pain. When her pain became too unbearable, she went to see her family physician. Immediately, her physician prescribed her OxyContin, but stressed how important it was to follow the condition amount of dosage. At first, she was criminal maintenanceful and cautious. Very quickly, Cheryl liked the looking of not being in pain anymore. She craved the drugs effectualness, so she began abusing the drug. Some of the boldness effect that Cheryl suffered from were weight loss, black-outs, isolation, no personal hygiene misgiving, and general lo ony bin all around her. Even though she visited her doctor every month, he never spent more than 10 minutes with her. She was able to antic him into writing a new prescription every time. Eventually, the air she stone-broke her addiction was when she overdosed and suffered from cardiac arrest. The doctors were able to save her life. Then she began the recollective path of recovery and reclamation. Since the administration of opiates is often un on purpose employd and abused, with addictions abounding, a new post is needed to seduce earmark care plans for long-sufferings.First and foremost, in order to gain a new perspective, it would be sustainful to obtain a greater understanding of prescription opiate abuse. ONeil and Hannah describe prescription drug abuse as the use of a legend drug in a way not intended by an authorized prescriber of the medication. The intent of prescription drug abuse is to obtain an altered state of mood or behavior. Prescription drug abuse frequ ently involves circumventing the intended route of drug administration. This is a statement that gives a clear understanding of what drug abuse is as a whole. Opiates are prescribed by doctors to control pain. With the prescription of opiates there is a specific individualized care plan that doctors care ripey go over with each tolerant. There are two sides to prescription opiate abuse intentional and unintentional. Intentional abuse is having the mind set of misusing the prescription. Patients who intentionally pull strings their care plan do so because they desire the soaring that comes from using the drug. A second reason, people choose to self-medicate is to dull frantic pain. The other form of opiate abuse is unintentional. Patients taking opiates due to pain whitethorn take more than their prescribed amount because they think they can cure the cause of their pain. This inadvertently leads to addiction. Having a greater understanding of opiate abuse provide provide knowle dge in accessing whether an individual is addicted to their prescription or not.Next, this new perspective requires an understanding of how the ace is negatively wedge by opioids. Narcotics and opiates can become extremely addictive. But how does that work within the champion and all the science butt joint it? Hagaman gives an excellent representation of how the star is touch from opiate usage. Opiates are considered extremely addictive and this addiction can affect the dead body structure and function of the wittiness. Opiates can alter the brain and affect ones motivation and emotions. The brain changes over time and hence a persons behavior changes. Moreover, if one uses a high enough dose of drugs, frequently enough, and over a want period of time, the drugs can change the way the brain works. The way in which the nerve cells communicate is changed so a compulsive, out of control use develops despite experiencing some of the many side effects. More specific effects of op iates on the brain imply changes in the synapses and shapes of brain cells. Chronic use is linked with structural changes in the size and shape of specific neurons. That is to say that there is a difference noticed in the brain amid a chronic opiate user and an occasional user (Hagaman). The human brain is a complex organ that when manipulated, can affect the entire body and throw it off balance. The science of the manipulation of the brains neurotransmitters when exposed to narcotics is explained. Narcotic painkillers stupefy to opiate receptors which are typically bound by special hormones called neurotransmitters. When painkillers are used for a long period of time, the body slows down production of these immanent chemicals and makes the body less effective in relieving pain naturally. That is because narcotic painkillers shoot the body into thinking it has already produced enough chemicals as there becomes an glut of these neurotransmitters in the body. Existing neurotran smitters have nothing to bind with, as the drugs have taken their place on the opiate receptors (Effects 2015). Thus, the brain produces less of its own neurotransmitters to calm pain, and becomes dependent upon the opiates. The human brain is a delicate organ that when distorted, struggles to receive normal cognitive function and the ability to maintain homeostasis for survival. Other organs can as well as be injured. Painkiller use and abuse also can affect nerve cells. Additionally, based on the manner in which the drug is used, painkiller abuse can cause long-run mall damage and increase the likelihood of a heart attack (Effects 2015). aesculapian care personnel need to fathom the perils narcotic painkillers can have on the human body. It is necessary for health care workers to understand how the brain is negatively impacted by narcotics.Third, to continue building this new model, grooming is necessary to teach about true addiction and the need to perform appropriate med ical care solutions. Society today sees drug abuse only coming from illegal drugs and not from prescribed drugs. Opiates are one of the most often prescribed pain medications. The abuse of opioid drugs is a public health epidemic that has been growing since the mid-1990s (maxwell 2015). To recognize and stop the opiate abuse, education is necessary for the public. Having the knowledge to identify prescription drug abuse can humble the fortune of addictions. Even now schools are introducing programs to explain and warn the dangers of overuse of prescription drugs. RX for Understanding is one resource widely used. This training program, resources, and musical instrument kit empower principals, teachers, school nurses, and other specialized instructional backing personnel to begin a dialogue in their schools about prescription drug abuse. Schools can use this program to inform parents, students, and educators about the growing problem of prescription drug abuse through school assem blies, lesson plans, and informational materials for teens and parents (Embrey 2014). In time, the goal is that the general public forget have a broader cognizance of the dangers of prescription drug abuse which pull up stakes carry over into the medical setting. In the meantime, education must be provided to patients and family on the potency and hazards of long term use of opiates. Second, education of physicians could also greatly reduce the proceeds of this trend. Understanding prescribing patterns, as well as the intuitions of adverse effects associated with these agents, is significant because these physicians play a critical role in curtailing the prescription drug abuse epidemic, verbalize Catherine S. Hwang of the nerve for drug safety and effectiveness and the section of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health, Baltimore, and her associates (Moon 2015). Physicians need to be informed of the adverse pattern of prescription drug misuse a s much as students. Third, health care providers require an understanding of the psychological effects of long-term drug use in order to treat patients with compassion and wisdom. If patients cannot institutionalize their physicians, their pain may be compounded by feelings of isolation and worry (Johnson 2007). Perception is a powerful lens by which decisions and responses are made. Johnson introduces a triad of factors in understanding the psychological aspect of addiction. The first includes a patients biology (brain chemistry and genetics). The second involves self-medicating, in which patients use medications in response to feeling economic aidless about emotions generated in interpersonal situations or to treat a psychiatric disorder. The third aspect notes that addictive drugs may armed service as a companion, substituting for meaningful relationships with other people. A physician may feel trapped by this combination of factors when the patient behaves in a subtly compl ex way and attempts to get his or her feeling of helplessness understood by the physician. As a result, the physician may feel compelled to issue a prescription as the only way to immediately disengage from an uncomfortable encounter. Unfortunately, this same process is likely to retell at the next visit (Johnson 2007). Grasping a greater knowledge and understanding of the psychological side is imperative in guiding those who suffer from addiction to safety. Effective care can be given when caregivers have proper understanding of the potency and danger involved in the use of narcotics.Continuing on with education, another element in constructing this new medical perspective, is the need for health care workers to be educated to recognize signs and symptoms of pain, as well as the use of alternative methods to address pain relief. Pain demands an answer. Having pain is very common in older adults, but it is never normal. There is almost always a real problem behind pain (Resources). Understanding what causes the pain is crucial in knowing how to treat it. Arthritis and Muscle pain are quite common in the elderly. When pain is severe enough, patients may lose the ability to move comfortably or be incapable of doing activities of daily living. Sleeping may become so painful that it would not be enjoyable anymore. Pain can lead to other problems such as losing the ability to move around and do everyday activities. The sufferer may have trouble sleeping, experience bad moods, or develop a poor self-image. In addition, people with pain often become anxious or depressed. They may be at greater risk for falls, weight loss, poor concentration, and difficulties with relationships (Resources). Once understanding the patients level of pain, health care workers can formulate a plan of treatment. Health care workers need to provide different methods for relieving pain before administering addictive narcotics. Resources suggests several methods to be used first, before emba rking on a long road of recovery from addictive opiates. Treatments such as physical therapy, massage, catch fire and/or cold packs, exercise, and relaxation therapy may be tried first (Resources). These methods are all non-narcotic options. Non-narcotics pain medication, other options are offered Acetaminophen is recommended as the safest type of pain reliever for long-term use (Resources). Acetaminophen pain medication includes the following Ibuprofen, Aspirin, Naproxen. These treatments may be beneficial and eliminate the need for narcotics. Having a broader base of treatment options, may help to reduce the risk of addiction to opiates as well as administer comfort to the patient.A fifth point to consider with this new medical model must include detoxifyification as part of the plan of care. An example of this detoxification piece is the formation ISIS. Nevertheless, there is a place in primary care for fellowship detoxification in substance misuse, as demonstrated by the pr imary care service pioneered at the Integrated Substance-misuse Islington Service (ISIS) by NHS Islington. ISIS is a primary care open access drug service that assesses and processes drug users for treatment. If patients have complex needs, they are directed to the appropriate services (Fernandez 2011). Patients may need to go from an keen hospital setting into a detox center(a) before entering a skilled nursing facility for rehab. An acute hospital setting provides a quick detoxification of the body to remove the potency of the drugs by pumping the stomach for example. This gives the patient an immediate solution from the overdose of drugs. The detox center is the next step in the rehabilitation process. The detox center offers a specific plan for each individuals needs. Patients suffering from drug abuse will go through a detoxification program provided by their local detox center. There are two types of detoxification community and inpatient. The inpatient detoxification diet consists of a five- to ten-day admission to a specia inclination of an orbit centre for patients who present with a profile that is clinically risky for example, polydrug use with mental health problems. familiarity detoxification is for patients who have a minimal risk profile however, this often excludes patients with inebriant and substance misuse (Fernandez 2011). Fernandez gives an organized and complete layout of what a patients plan of care for detoxification should look like. Including detoxification into a patients plan of care will ensure that the process of detox is performed safely and effectively. Based on the patients individualized needs, each detox center will provide a plan of care for the rehabilitation to come. The importance of a detoxification center is to safely assist each patient with the cleansing of their body from the drug toxins.Next, the new medical model will allow for doctors to be better informed of the patients tarradiddle with opiates and narco tics. When interviewing a patient about their history with pain medications, doctors and medical care workers need to have discernment about asking the reclaim kinds of questions. Examples of questions that need to be asked would include the following. Do you have a history of seizures or epilepsy? contribute you had introductory treatment for alcohol dependence? What previous detoxification regimens have you completed? Do you have any mental health issues that could compromise the detoxification regimen? Have you had any recent liver function tests? (Fernandez). Other examples of questions could include How long have you been taking narcotics? How often? What was the original prescribed amount? Do you have a history of using narcotics? Do you have any relatives that have suffered from addiction? These are only a selected few questions that should be asked of a patient with a history of narcotics. In determining the right kind of care plan, doctors need to better comprehend what each patient has been through. Obtaining a greater understanding of a patients history can help to distinguish what the proper treatment should be.Furthermore, this new medical model requires anger counselling training to better help equip those who are going through detox. Anger is known to be included in the side effects from drug abuse. Anger is a big problem for many people and its often one of the complicating factors for those attempt with addiction (Roes 2007). The anger can become compounded due to the process of detoxing that a patient must go through. Hazardous situations can occur when a patient is struggling with the detoxification. For example, the patient might try to harm themselves, lash out at the medical care workers that are trying to help them, or even family and friends who are trying to support them through the detox. Some examples of ways to help a patient decrease from anger or improve anger management are expounded upon by Roes. First, count to 10. Or 110. This simple and dependable practice really helps. The more time a client buys by postponing anger, the more likely he/she will act rationally sort of than emotionally. Second, relaxation techniques are often helpful deep breathing, listening to soothe music, taking a hot bath, etc. These calm the physical sensations associated with anger. Third, animal magnetism (thinking about something else) also can help. As our thoughts turn to another topic, there are fewer thoughts to feed our anger. Finally, do something incompatible with anger. Kiss your spouse, or pet your dog. These types of activities can help displace anger with more winning emotions (Roes 2007). These are just a few examples to help a patient deal with the side effect of anger. Another example is given in guiding an aggravated patient to a calm level. Keeping a log also can be helpful. If clients list what they think, how they feel, and how they choose to act in an angry situation, they can become more aware of th eir triggers. They also can become more aware of what thoughts feed their anger, and what thoughts starve it. The more deeply ingrained the anger problem, the more likely it is that cognitive, rather than altogether behavioral, interventions will promote lasting change (Roes 2007). Focusing on cognitive interventions can help the patient slow down to think rationally. One of the ways to help patients think rationally is to have a list of questions to ask themselves. Examples of questions could include What just happened to make me angry? Was it what was said? How it was said? Or who said it? How am I going to respond without cause to be perceived myself or someone else? These questions can be personalized by health care workers to address the type of anger the patient is experiencing. It is essential for medical care providers to know how to assess each situation involving drug abuse and anger management.Moreover, this new medical model can be useful in understanding how cognitiv e therapy can aid with anger management, a secondary spin-off of addiction. Roes gives a great representation of how anger management can be facilitated with the use of cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy has proven prospering for even the most severe problems of anger management. For perpetrators of domestic violence, for example, the belief that its OK to use anger, power, and control to get what you want might be a focus of therapy. Successful change to a more prosocial type of thinking would reduce both the anger and the likelihood of victimizing others (Roes 2007). The term prosocial means being able to interact with people in a persons social setting. world prosocial means a persons behavior is positive and helpful when interacting with others. Those who are neat prosocial are learning to focus on integrating positively with others, so they will be more careful to control their anger. Redirecting neurological pathways can help in correcting the damage that has been done t o the brain. Cognitive therapy can help a patient retrain their brain so that anger is not their first response. This type of therapy, overall, can reduce the amount of anger a patient experiences, because they have become better prepared to deal with situations that create anger. Cognitive therapy has proven to aid with anger management, a secondary by-product of addiction.In conclusion, a new perspective is needed to create appropriate care plans for patients suffering from prescription drug abuse. One must obtain a greater understanding of prescription opiate abuse. The brain is negatively impacted by opioids. Education is necessary to teach about true addiction and the need to create appropriate medical care solutions. The need for health care workers to be educated to recognize signs and symptoms of pain, as well as the use of alternative methods to address pain relief is essential. The plan of care must include detoxification. Doctors must be better informed of the patients hi story with opiates and narcotics. Anger management training should be included to better help equip those who are going through detox. Cognitive therapy can aid with anger management. As previously mentioned, Cheryl was only trying to control the pain she was experiencing. However, she loved the feeling of being pain free and was able to manipulate her doctors into continuously prescribing her pain medication without closely monitoring her. The personal testimonial of Cheryl demonstrates the flaws of prescription opiates and the addictions that are taking place. Since the administration of opiates is often unintentionally overused and abused, with addictions abounding, a new perspective is needed to create appropriate care plans for patients that will help save lives.Work CitedEmbrey, Mary Louise, and Libby K. Nealis. The right prescription for stripe many adultsincluding parents and school staff membersare unaware of the dangers of prescription drug use and abuse. Principal Leader ship, Apr. 2014, p. 12+. Academic OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONEsw=wu=lom_accessmichv=2.1id=GALE%7CA367798950it=rasid=8c6cc8d9dba4acf2bc9afcc7a481afda. see to it accessed 25 Feb. 2017.Fernandez, Jeff. Detoxing Dependent Drinkers in Primary Care. 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